Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018 http://www.ijsac.net/taxonomy/term/43 en THE ENVIRONMENT VERSUS THE ECONOMY: ANALYSIS OF THE BAN ON PLASTIC CARRIER BAGS IN KENYA http://www.ijsac.net/node/272 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">THE ENVIRONMENT VERSUS THE ECONOMY: ANALYSIS OF THE BAN ON PLASTIC CARRIER BAGS IN KENYA</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">ijsac</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/06/2018 - 19:35</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>Plastic carrier bags have been in use in Kenya for many years and had become a ubiquitous symbol in virtually all aspects of life in the country to the extent that one could not imagine life without them. In supermarkets and other establishments goods were more often than not packed in plastic papers. Billions of these bags are used annually across the globe mainly for shopping because they are deemed to be the best option in terms packaging despite their ecological drawbacks. </em></p> <p> </p> <p><em>Plastic carrier bags were preferred by both retailers and consumers due to various perceived advantages. Manufacturers and traders liked them because, among other things, they were cheap to produce, required less energy to transport and recycle and were also easy to use and store compared to re-usable bags. The bags were also used by supermarkets and other establishments to advertise themselves. Consumers preferred them because of their durability, they do not tear easily, are easy to carry and very useful when it rains or when they come into contact with liquids as they protect their contents from getting wet due to their water-proof nature. Because of their versatility, plastic bags have the additional advantage of being put to multiple uses at home, the office and elsewhere. </em></p> <p> </p> <p><em>There was excess use of the papers such that different items could be packed in different plastic bags even when there was no need to do so. The main challenge with these plastic carrier bags was how to dispose them after use given that many Kenyans are averse to safe and responsible disposal of items that have served their purpose and again the philosophy of recycling is yet to be well established in this country. The result was that the environment was severely chocked with plastic papers that were to be found virtually everywhere: on the streets, storm drains, water surfaces, trees, fences and so on. </em></p> <p> </p> <p><em>The central proposition of this paper is that use of plastic papers had brought large scale environmental degradation that was virtually irreversible and that the ban on use of plastic carrier bags should not only be enforced but enhanced to include other plastic material that are still in use in Kenya yet they are a major contributor to ecosystem destruction. </em><em>Impacts of the ban and its likely benefits to stakeholders as well as examples of the plastic experience from other countries will also form part of the discussion. </em></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-file--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-file.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-file.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-file field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">File</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><a href="http://www.ijsac.net/sites/default/files/2018-09/3.8.1.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=153891">3.8.1.pdf</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-version--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-version.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-version.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-version field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Version</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43" hreflang="en">Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author</div> <div class="field__item">Kenneth Kivisi Mbali, PhD candidate</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Sep 2018 13:35:49 +0000ijsac272 at http://www.ijsac.net SPACE UTILIZATION, SITE PATTERNING AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AMONG PREHISTORIC PASTORAL GROUPS OF THE NAKURU- NAIVASHA BASIN IN THE LATE STONE AGE PERIOD http://www.ijsac.net/node/271 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> SPACE UTILIZATION, SITE PATTERNING AND RESOURCE EXPLOITATION AMONG PREHISTORIC PASTORAL GROUPS OF THE NAKURU- NAIVASHA BASIN IN THE LATE STONE AGE PERIOD</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">ijsac</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/06/2018 - 19:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>The concept of space in archaeology has caught the attention of scholars interested in spatial attributes of sites. Exactly how much space prehistoric people needed for their activities is a question yet to be answered.  As it were, space in prehistoric settlements defined site patterning and resource exploitation. The amount of space required depended on the nature of activities that the people were involved in. Generally, prehistoric people exploited more of horizontal space than vertical space. Exploitation of horizontal space came as a result of procurement of environmental resources for subsistence use. It also arose as a result of other social activities such building of sheltering and ceremonial structures. This paper looks at space needs and site patterning by prehistoric pastoral groups during the Late Stone Age period in selected sites of the Nakuru –Naivasha basin of the Central Rift Valley of Kenya.</em></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-file--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-file.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-file.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-file field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">File</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><a href="http://www.ijsac.net/sites/default/files/2018-09/3.8.2.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=313736">3.8.2.pdf</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-version--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-version.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-version.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-version field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Version</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43" hreflang="en">Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author</div> <div class="field__item">By Ben N. Nyanchoga</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Sep 2018 13:33:55 +0000ijsac271 at http://www.ijsac.net GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A HUMAN RIGHT ISSUE http://www.ijsac.net/node/270 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden"> GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN INDIA: A HUMAN RIGHT ISSUE</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">ijsac</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/06/2018 - 19:31</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>Gender-based violence is considered as the most pervasive human right violence in the world (WHO, 2013). In India, crime against women is committed every three minutes (National Crime Record Bureau, 2013), 70 percent of women are victims of domestic violence (International Men and Gender Equality Survey, 2011) and 38 percent of Indian men admit that they have physically abused their partners and 65 percent of Indian men believe women should tolerate violence in order to keep the family together (International Men and Gender Equality Survey, 2011). The argument in this paper is that the gender-based violence in India is the most pervasive human right violence. It is examined primarily by drawing the data from NCRB 2015 and NFHS reports. The gender based violence not only endangers women’s right to equality and personal freedom but it is detrimental to right to life the very survival of women with dignity. </em></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-file--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-file.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-file.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-file field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">File</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><a href="http://www.ijsac.net/sites/default/files/2018-09/3.8.3.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=250802">3.8.3.pdf</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-version--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-version.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-version.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-version field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Version</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43" hreflang="en">Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author</div> <div class="field__item">Susan Rai</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Sep 2018 13:31:48 +0000ijsac270 at http://www.ijsac.net Administration of the Udugampola Sub- kingdom : A Historical and Archaeological Legacy http://www.ijsac.net/node/269 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Administration of the Udugampola Sub- kingdom : A Historical and Archaeological Legacy</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">ijsac</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/06/2018 - 19:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>This paper aims to bring forward with a new perspective on the remaining factors concerning the historical and archaeological backdrop of Udugampola sub Kingdom of the Kotte kingdom existent in the history of Sri Lanka. A trail of  provincial  administrations  ruled by  deputies  under the guidance of the king can be observed at certain periods in the  history of Sri Lanka. Such an administrative  divisions  were called a UpaRajadhani  or Sub- kingdoms. Udugampola at the Gampaha District is one of such sub- Kingdoms of the Kotte Kingdom. The available historical sources such as the battle of Alakeshwara in Rajaawaliya provide proof for the fact that  king SakalakalaWallakabahu ,the son of Veeraparakramabahu VIII of Kotte had ruled this region, during the Kotte period. The palace of the king of Udugampola was at the premises of present  Uttararama temple, where a pond and remnants of a moat is still being identified. However this legacy is diminishing with each passing day. In the spotlight cast over prominent ancient kingdoms such as Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa, the value and importance of ancient sub- kingdoms like these with archaeological significance stands diminished. With very limited discussion about these sites, the possibility to be forgotten over time threatens the existence of their evidence. </em></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-file--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-file.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-file.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-file field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">File</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"><a href="http://www.ijsac.net/sites/default/files/2018-09/3.8.4.pdf" type="application/pdf; length=632785">3.8.4.pdf</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-version--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-version.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-version.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-version field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Version</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43" hreflang="en">Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author</div> <div class="field__item">Dinithi Wijesuriya</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Sep 2018 13:28:32 +0000ijsac269 at http://www.ijsac.net Measuring customer based brand equity: Empirical Evidence from the Tourism industry in Sri Lanka http://www.ijsac.net/node/268 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Measuring customer based brand equity: Empirical Evidence from the Tourism industry in Sri Lanka</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">ijsac</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--current-issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 09/06/2018 - 19:21</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><em>Branding literature emerged during the 1940s, and academic researches related to destination branding is a relatively new marketing concept for the tourism industry, it remains a lack of theory in particular that addresses the measurement of the effectiveness of destination branding over time. This study is to examine the practicality and applications of a customer-based brand equity model in the Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka. In this study based on Keller’s constructs of the pyramid of brand equity, including brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, brand judgments, brand feelings, and brand resonance, are investigated and their relations with brand equity .  The present study used a sample size of 385 those who have visited Sri Lanka as a tourist and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the individuals from the population.  The data were collected by administering questionnaire. The research hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling and the final model was confirmed. The findings of the study revealed that only the relationships between brand imagery and brand equity were not significant, and all other relationships were significant. Also, fit indices obtained for the conceptual model refer to the high validity of the model in explaining the relations among variables towards tourism industry. </em></p></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-file--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-file.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-file.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-file field--type-file field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">File</div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'file_link' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> <span class="file file--mime-application-vnd-openxmlformats-officedocument-wordprocessingml-document file--x-office-document"><a href="http://www.ijsac.net/sites/default/files/2018-09/3.8.5.docx" type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document; length=152007">3.8.5.docx</a></span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/file-link.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-version--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-version.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-version.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-version field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Version</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/43" hreflang="en">Vol. 3 No. 9 September, 2018</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author--current-issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--current-issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Author</div> <div class="field__item">Mrs. K. C. Koththagoda</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/themes/classy/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Sep 2018 13:21:35 +0000ijsac268 at http://www.ijsac.net